A Sociological Analysis Of Differences Between Virtual Communities and Traditional Communities

February 01, 2014
 
Cengiz Yanıklar

ÖZ

With the developments in communication technologies individuals come together and constitute virtual communities through internet and this has a focus of many research. On the other hand, the spread of such communities has caused that the quality of social interaction between individuals should be questioned and brought about a debate obout their effects on traditional community life. It can be argued that these debates take characteristcs and current status of traditional communities as the basis. Yet, a sociological analysis of differences between virtual and traditional communities has largely been ignored. This study aims to outline and discuss differences between tradiditonal communities and virtual communities on the one hand and physical and electronic space on the other.

Kaynakça

  • AKAR, E.
  • 2010 “Sanal Toplulukların Bir Türü Olarak Sosyal Ağ Siteleri – Bir Pazarlama İletişimi Kanalı Olarak İşleyişi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), s. 107- 122.
  • ANDERSON, B. ve K. TRACEY
  • 2001 “Digital Living: The 'Impact' or Otherwise of the Iinternet on Everyday Life”. American Behavioral Scientist, 45, s. 457–76.
  • ARENSBERG, C.M. ve S.T. KIMBALL
  • 1965 Culture and Community, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
  • BAGOZZI, R. P. ve U.M. DHOLAKIA
  • 2002 “Intentional Social Action in Virtual Communities”. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16 (2), s. 2–21.
  • BALCI, Ş. ve B. AYHAN
  • 2007 “Üniversite Öğrencilerinin İnternet Kullanım ve Doyumları Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması”. Selçuk İletişim, 5 (1), s. 174-197. BAUMAN, Z.
  • 2006 Küreselleşme, (çev. A. Yılmaz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. BAYM, N.K.
  • 2009 “İzleyin ve Bağlanın: Pembe Diziler, Takipçileri ve Sanal Topluluklar”, iç. Sosyoloji: Başlangıç Okumaları, (der. A. Giddens, Ankara: Say Yayınları.
  • BELL, C. ve H. Newby
  • 1979 Community Studies: An Introduction to the Sociology of the Local Community. Londra: Allen and Unwin. BERGER, B. M.
  • 1998 “Disenchanting the Concept of Community”. Society, 35 (2), s. 324–327. BLANCHARD, A.
  • 2004 “Virtual Behavior Settings: An Application of Behavior Setting Theories to Virtual Communities”. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 9 (2).
  • BOYD, D. M. ve N.B. ELLISON
  • 2008 “Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship”. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 13/1, s. 210-230. BOZKURT, V.
  • 1999 “Yıkıcı ‘Gemeinschaft”tan ‘Öteki”siz postmodern kabilelere: Sanal Cemaatler”. Birikim Dergisi, 127, s.65-72. BRUHN, J.G.
  • 2011 The Sociology of Community Connections. New York: Kluwer Academic.
  • BUSS, A. ve N. STRAUSS
  • 2009 Online Communities Handbook: Building Your Business and Brand on the Web. Berkeley, CA: New Riders. CASTELLS, M.
  • 2008 Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür – Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, (çev.:E. Kılıç), İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. CAVANAGH, A.
  • 2007 Sociology in the Age of the Internet, Berkshire: Open University Press. COLEMAN, J.S.
  • 1988 “Social capital in the creation of human capital”, American Journal of Sociology, 94, s. 95-120. ÇETİN, E.
  • 2010 “Sosyal İletişim Ağları ve Gençlik: Facebook Örneği”, http://idc.sdu.edu.tr /tammetinler/ bilim/bilim15. pdf, (20 Ağustos 2012)
  • DiMAGGIO, P., E. HARGITTAI, W.R. NEUMAN ve J.P. ROBINSON
  • 2001 “Social Implications of the Internet”, Annual Review of Sociology, 27, s. 307-336. DURKHEIM, E
  • 1964 The Division of Labor in Society, New York: Free Press.
  • EDWARDS, A.D. ve D.G. JONES
  • 1976 Community and Community Development, The Hauge: Mouton. ELIAS, N.
  • 1974 ‘Towards a Theory of Communities’, iç., The Sociology of Community: A Selection of Readings, (der. C. Bell ve H. Newby), Londra: Frank Cass. FISCHER, Claude R.
  • 1982 To Dwell Among Friends, Chicago, IL.: The University of Chicago Press. FLEW, T.
  • 2005 New media: An introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. GIDDENS, A.
  • 1991 Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Cambridge: Polity. GIDDENS, A.
  • 2000 Sosyoloji, Ankara: Ayraç Yayıncılık. GUSFIELD, J.
  • 1978 Community: A Critical Response, New York : Harper & Row. HABERLİ, Mehmet
  • 2012 “Yeni Bir Örgütlenme Biçimi Olarak Sanal Cemaatler”, İnsan ve Toplumbilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1 (3), s. 118-134.
  • HOWARD, P R. L. ve S. JONES
  • 2001 “Days and Nights on the Internet”, American Behavioral Scientist, 45, s. 383-404. HILLERY, G.A.
  • 1955 “Definitions of Community: Areas of Agrement”, Rural Sociology, 20, s. 111-125. HILLERY, G.A.
  • 1982 A Research Odyssey: Developing and Testing a Community Theory, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
  • ILIOUDI, S., LAZAKIDOU, A., GLEZAKOS, N. and TSIRONI, M.
  • 2012 “Health Related Virtual Communities and Social Networking Services”, iç., Virtual Communities, Social Networks and Colloboration, (der. A. Lazakidou), Londra: Springer. JONES, Q.
  • 19 “Virtual Communities, Virtual Settlements & Cyber-Archaeology: A Theoretical Outline”, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 3 (3). KAMENKA, E.
  • 1982 Community as a Social Ideal, Lndra: Edward Arnold.
  • KATZ, J. E. ve R.E. RICE
  • 2002 Social Consequences of Internet Use: access, Involvement and Interaction, Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
  • KRAUT, R., ve KEISLER, S.
  • 2003 “The Social Impact of Internet Use”. Psychological Science Agenda, 16 (3), s. 8-10.
  • LEIMASTER, J.M, K. SCHWEIZER, S. LEIMEISTER, ve H. KRCMAR
  • 2008). “Do virtual Communities matter for the social Support of patients? Antecedents and effects of virtual relationships in online communities”, Information Technology and People, 21 (4), s. 350-74. LIN, N.
  • 2001 Social Capital: A Theory of Structure and Action, New York: Cambridge University Press. NIE, N.
  • 2000 “Sociability, Interpersonal Relations and the Internet. Reconsiling Conflicting Findings”, American Behavioral Scientist, 5 (3), s. 420-435. NISBETT, R. A.
  • 1967 The Sociological Tradition, Londra: Heinemann. NOLL, A.M.
  • 1997 Highway of Dreams: A Critical View Along the Information Superhighway. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. PAHL, R.
  • 2000 On Friendship, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. PARSONS, T.
  • 1951 The Social System, Londra: Routledge & Kegan Pual. PORTER, C. E.
  • 2004 “A Typology of virtual communities: A Multi-disciplinary foundation for future research”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10 (1). PREECE, J.
  • 2000 Online Communities: Supporting, Socialibity, Designing Usability, Chichester: Simon and Schuster PUTNAM, R.D.
  • 2000 Bowling Alone. Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. New York: Simon and Schuster. RHEINGOLD, H.
  • 1991 “A Slice of Life in my Virtual Community”, iç. Global Networks, (der.L. M. Harasim), Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. RHEINGOLD, H.
  • 2002 Smart Mobs, Cambridge: Pergesus. RHEINGOLD, H.
  • 2008 The virtual community- Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, London: The MIT Press,.
  • RIDINGS, C.M. ve D. Gefen
  • 2004 “Virtual Community Attraction: Why People Hang Out Online”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10 (1). ROBINS, K.
  • 1996 “Cyberspace and the World We Live in”, iç. Fractual Dreams; New Media in Social Context, (der. J. Dovey), Londra: Lawrence and Wishart. SADE, L. ve I. BECK
  • 2004 “Internet etnography: Online and offline”, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3 (2), s. 45-51. SANDERS, Irwin T.
  • 1966 The Community: An Introduction to Social System, New York: Roland Press. SAYIN, Ö.
  • 2010 “Yeni Dünya Düzeni: Gerçekten Sanala”, Sosyoloji Dergisi, 22, s. 1-16.
  • SHAFFER, C. R. ve AMUNDSEN, K.
  • 1993 Creating Community Anywhere: Finding Support and Connection in a Fragmented World, New York: Tarcher/Perigee Books.
  • SHAPIRO, A.L. ve R.C. LEONE
  • 1999 The Control Revolution: How the Internet is Putting Individuals in Charge and Changing the World we Know, New York: Public Affairs/Century Foundation.
  • SICILIA, M ve M. PALAZON
  • 2008 “Brand communities on the Internet: A case study of Coca-Cola’s Spanish Virtual Community, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13 (3), s. 255- 270. SIMMEL, G.
  • 1964 “The metropolis and mental life”, iç. The Sociology of Georg Simmel, (der.K. Wolff), New York: Free Press. SLEVIN, J.
  • 2000 The Internet and Society, Londra: Routledge. SLOUKA, M.
  • 1995 War of the Worlds: Cyberspace and the High-Tech Assault on Reality, New York: Basic Books. TOMLINSEN, J.
  • 2004 Küreselleşme ve Kültür, (çev. A. Eker), İstanbul: Ayrıntı. TÖNNIES, F.
  • 1957 Civilisation and society: Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft, East Lansing, MI: Michigan Date Press. TURKLE, S.
  • 1995 Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, New York: Simon and Schuster. WELLMAN, B.
  • 2001 “Physical Place and Cyberplace: Changing Portals and the Rise of Networked Individualism”, International Journal of Urban Regional Research, 25 (2), s. 227- 252.
  • WELLMAN, B ve M. GULIA
  • 1999 “Netsurfers Don’t Ride Alone: Virtual Community as a Community”, iç. Networks in the Global Village, (der. B. Wellman), Boulder, CO: Westview. WENGER, E.
  • 1998 Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. YALÇIN, C.
  • 2003 “Sosyolojik Bir Bakış Açısıyla İnternet”, C.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27 (1), s. 77-89 YANIKLAR, C.
  • 2011 “Beyaz Yakalı Orta Sınıfın Toplumsal Ağları Üzerine Bir Çözümleme”, Sosyoloji
  • Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14 (2), s 152-183.